Deschooling Society Essay

Introduction: This term paper is about De schooling Society which is a book written by Ivan Illich. The book is more than a critique – it contains suggestions for changes to learning in society and individual lifetimes. Particularly striking is his call for the use of advanced technology to support â€Å"learning webs†. In this paper, we will first see what is meant by de schooling society and then what is the need for de schooling and is it necessary to disestablish a school. After seeing the reasons for de schooling, we look at the phenomenology of school which gives the phenomenon of school. Then we will see the rituals in the current school system and discuss about them. Later we look at the model for evaluating institutions and then propose the idea of learning webs and thus conclude with the requirements of a good education system and what an educated person should be able to do. What is De schooling Society? The process of receiving education or training especially done at School is called Schooling. The main goal of Schooling is to learn things from what is taught by teachers in the school. Here learning, education, training, guidance or discipline is derived from experiences and through lessons taught by teachers. De schooling society is a critical discourse on education as practised in modern economics. It is replacing school with natural learning. It specifically refers to that period of adjustment experienced by children removed from school settings. It is the initial stage where one gets rid of schoolish thoughts about learning and life in general. If one is given time to adjust to the freedom of no school routines and not being told what to do every minute of the day, then they have lots of time to relax, try new things, to discover their interests and rediscover the joy of learning. This is the idea of de schooling. It is like a child recovering from school damage. â€Å"SCHOOL ING IS THE SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR TEACHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. DE SCHOOLING IS THE SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR LEARNING.† Why we must disestablish a school (why de schooling) Ivan Illich feels that there is a need to disestablish school by giving examples of ineffectual nature of institutionalized education. According to Illich â€Å"Universal education through schooling is not feasible. It would be no more feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style of present schools. Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their pupils nor proliferation of educational hardware or software, nor the attempt to expand teacher’s responsibility will deliver universal education. The current search for new educational funnels must be reversed into the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the opportunity for each one to transform each moment of his living into one of learning, sharing and caring. â€Å" The present school system believes that more the treatment, better are results and leads to success. It confuses teaching with learning, grade advancement with education, a diploma with competence and fluency with ability to say something new. Medical treatment is mistaken for health care, social work for the improvement of community life, police protection for safety, military poise for national security, the rat race for productive work. Illich shows that institutionalization of values leads inevitably to physical pollution, social polarization, and psychological impotence and most of the research now going on further increases in the institutionalization of values and we must define conditions which would permit precisely the contrary to happen. He believes that care only makes students dependent on more treatment and renders them increasingly incapable of organising their own lives around their own experiences and resources within their own communities. With the present system poor children lack most of the educational opportunities which are casually available to middleclass people. To solve this they started a program â€Å"Title One† which is the most expensive compensatory program ever attempted anywhere in education, yet no significant improvement can be detected in learning of these disadvantaged children. Special curricula, separate classes or longer hours only constitute more discrimination of poor. Thus this system has failed to improve the education of the poor. Advantages of rich over poor range from conversation and books in the home to vacation travel and a different sense of oneself and apply for the child who enjoys them both in and out of school. So a poor student will generally fall behind so long as he depends on the school for advancement or learning. Poor needs funds to enable them to learn. Neither in North America nor in Latin America do the poor get equality from obligatory schools but in both the places, the mere existence of school discourages and disables the poor from taking control of their own learning. All over the world, school has an anti educational effect on society: school is recognized as the institution which specializes in education. The failures of school are taken by most people as proof that education is very costly, very complex, always mysterious and almost impossible task. Education disadvantage cannot be cured by relying on education within school. Neither learning nor justice is promoted by schooling because educators insist on packaging instruction with certification. Learning and assignment of social rules are melted into schooling. The major illusion on which the school system rests is that most learning is the result of teaching. Teaching only contributes to certain kinds of learning under certain circumstances. But most people acquire most of their knowledge outside school. Most learning happens casually, and even most intentional learning is not the result of programmed instruction. For example, normal children learn their first language (mother tongue) casually, although faster if their parents pay attention to them. But the fact that a great deal of learning even now seems to happen casually and as a by-product of some other activity defined as work or leisure does not mean that planned learning does not benefit from planned instruction and that both do not stand in need of improvement. Illich illustrates the idea of learning with a practical example. â€Å"In 1956 there arose a need to teach Spanish quickly to several hundred teachers, social workers, and ministers from the New York Archdiocese so that they could communicate with Puerto Ricans. Gerry Morris announced over a Spanish radio station that he needed native speakers from Harlem. Next day some two hundred teen-agers lined up in front of his office, and he selected four dozen of them-many of them school dropouts. He trained them in the use of the U.S. Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Spanish manual, designed for use by linguists with graduate training, and within a week his teachers were on their own-each in charge of four New Yorkers who wanted to speak the language. Within six months the mission was accomplished. Cardinal Spellman could claim that he had 127 parishes in which at least three staff members could communicate in Spanish. No school program could have matched these results.† Further experiments conducted by Angel Quintero in Puerto Rico suggest that many young teen-agers, if given proper incentives, programs, and access to tools, are better than most school teachers at introducing their peers to the scientific exploration of plants, stars, and matter, and to the discovery of how and why a motor or a radio functions. Opportunities for skill-learning can be vastly multiplied if we open the market. Schools are even less efficient in the arrangement of the circumstances which encourage the openended, exploratory use of acquired skills. The main reason for this is that school is obligatory and becomes schooling for schooling’s sake. Most skills can be acquired by drills, because skill implies the mastery of definable and predictable behaviour. Education is the exploratory and creative use of skills, however, cannot rely on drills. It relies on the relationship between partners , on the critical intent of all those who use memories creatively, on the surprise of unexpected question which opens new doors. It is now generally accepted that the physical environment will soon be destroyed by biochemical pollution unless we reverse the current trends in the production of physical goods which is possible by de schooling. Instead of equalizing chances, the school system has monopolized their distribution. Equal educational opportunity is indeed both a desirable and a feasible goal, but to equate this with obligatory schooling is to confuse salvation with the church. A de schooled society implies a new approach to incidental or informal education. Thus he says that not only education but society as a whole needs de schooling. Phenomenology of School In order to make the schooling process better and to search for alternative methods in education, we must start with an agreement on what do we mean by â€Å"school†. We need to have clear idea on what a â€Å"school† is and what is the difference between â€Å"teaching† and â€Å"learning†. We can do this by listing the functions that are performed by modern school systems, such as custodial care, selection, indoctrination, and learning. We could make client analysis and verify which of these functions render a service or a disservice to teachers, employers, children, parents, or the professions. We could survey history of western culture and information gathered by anthropology to get an idea of schooling. And we could recall the statements made by many people before and discover which of these the modern school system most closely approaches. But any of these approaches would oblige us to start with certain assumptions about a relationship between school and education. Hence we begin with phenomenology of public school. We can define the school as the age-specific, teacher-related process requiring full-time attendance at an obligatory curriculum. Age: School groups people according to age. This grouping rests on three unquestioned premises. Children belong in school. Children learn in school. Children can be taught only in school. Illich thinks that these unexamined premises deserve serious questioning. If there were no age-specific and obligatory learning institutions, childhood would go out of production. The disestablishment of school could also end the present discrimination against infants, adults, and the old in favour of children throughout their adolescence and youth. Institutional wisdom tells us that children need school. Institutional wisdom tells us that children learn in school. But this institutional wisdom is itself a product of schools because common sense tells us that only children can be taught in school. Teachers and Pupils: Here children are pupils. School is an institution built on the axiom that learning is the result of teaching. And institutional wisdom continues to accept this axiom, despite overwhelming evidence to contrary. Illich says that most of the learning is without teachers. Most tragically, the majority of men are taught their lessons by schools, even though they never go to school. Everyone learns how to live outside school. We learn to speak, to think, to love, to feel, to play, to curse, to politick, and to work without interference from a teacher. Even orphans, idiots, and schoolteachers’ sons learn most of what they learn outside the educational process planned for them. Half of the people in our world never set foot in school. They have no contact with the teachers, and they are deprived of the privilege of becoming dropouts. Yet they learn quite effectively the message which school teaches. Pupils have never credited teachers for most of their learning. Schools create jobs for schoolteachers, no matter what their pupils learn from them. Full-Time Attendance: The institutional wisdom of schools tells parents, pupils, and educators that the teacher, if he is to teach, must exercise his authority in a sacred precinct. This is true even for teachers whose pupils spend most of their school time in a classroom without walls. School, by its very nature, tends to make a total claim on the time and energies of its participants. This, in turn, makes the teacher into custodian, preacher, and therapist. In each of these three roles the teacher bases his authority on a different claim. The teacher as custodian sets the stage for the acquisition of some skill. Without illusions of producing any profound learning, he drills his pupils in some basic routines. The teacher as moralist substitutes for parents, god, or the state. He instructs the pupil about what is right and what is wrong, not only in school but also in society at large. The teacher as therapist feels authorized to enter into the personal life of his pupil in order to help him grow as a person. Defining children as full-time pupils permits the teacher to exercise a kind of power over their persons. A pupil who obtains assistance on an exam is told that he is an outlaw, morally corrupt, and personally worthless. Classroom attendance removes children from everyday world of western culture and plunges them into an environment far more primitive, magical, and deadly serious. The attendance rule makes it possible for the schoolroom to serve as a magic womb, from which the child is delivered periodically at the end of the day and end of the year until he is finally expelled into adult. Ritualization of progress: Illich sees education as being about consumption of packages where the distributor delivers the packages designed by technocrats to the consumer. Here teacher is the distributor and pupils are the consumers. Thus in schools, children are taught to be consumers. Illich’s criticism of school is a criticism of the consumerist mentality of modern societies; a model which the developed nations are trying to force on developing nations. In this view a country is developed according to indices of how many hospitals and schools it has. In terms of school Illich criticises the system which offers a packaged education and awards credentials for the successful consumption of the packages. The packages are continually being re-written and adjusted but the problems they are supposed to address remain same. This is much more than simply a racket to produce more textbooks and exam syllabuses; this is a commercial activity mirroring the marketing processes of the industry. Children are the obligatory recipients of these marketing efforts. As the teacher is the custodian of rituals of society so schools as institutions are the places for the promotion of myths of society. Illich is especially concerned with this in developing nations where he sees a wrong direction being taken as these countries adopt the consumerist model of the west/north. Education is the means by which these societies get sucked into the consumerist way of doing things. More schooling leads to rising expectations but schooling will not lift the poor out of poverty; rather it will deprive them of their self-respect. Most basic schools operate according to the notion that â€Å"knowledge is a valuable commodity which under certain circumstances may be forced into the consumer†. Schools are addicted to the notion that it is possible to manipulate other people for their own good. For Illich, schools offer something other than learning. He sees them as institutions which by requiring full-time compulsory attendance in ritualised programmes based around awarding credentials to those who can consume educational packages and endure it for the longest. It is thus training in â€Å"disciplined consumption†. Institutional Spectrum: In this chapter Illich proposes a model for evaluating institutions. He contrasts convivial institutions (which mean friendly, lively and enjoyable institution) at one end of a spectrum (left side) with manipulative ones at the other (right side) to show that there are institutions which fall between the extremes and to illustrate how historical institutions can change colour as they shift from facilitating activity to organizing production. In line with the theme which occurs throughout the book that his criticism of schooling is more to the point than some traditional Marxist challenges to contemporary society Illich points out that many on the left support institutions on the right of his scale i.e. manipulative ones. Of all â€Å"false utilities,† school is the most insidious. Highway systems produce only a demand for cars. Schools create a demand for the entire set of modern institutions which crowd the right end of the spectrum. A man who questioned the need for high-ways would be written off as a romantic; the man who questions the need for school is immediately attacked as either heartless or imperialist. Just as highways create the impression that their present level of cost per year is necessary if people are to move, so schools are presumed essential for attaining the competence required by a society which uses modern technology. Schools are based upon the hypothesis that learning is the result of teaching. Irrational Consistencies: He argues that educational researchers and thinkers are more conservative than in other disciplines. He argues that without a new orientation for research and a new understanding of the educational style of an emerging counter-culture the educational revolution will not happen. Our present educational institutions are at the service of the teacher’s goals. The relational structures we need are those which will enable each man to define himself by learning and by contributing to the learning of others. A key theme in this work is the criticism of the idea that learning is the result of teaching. In Illich’s analysis education is a funnel for educational packages. Illich opposes this with an idea of ‘learning webs’ which are about â€Å"the autonomous assembly of resources under the personal control of each learner†. In this chapter Illich criticises some of the ideologies of schooling which he sees in apparently radical initiatives such as the free-school movement and the lifelong learning movement. He points out that free-schools still ultimately support the idea of schooling as the way of inducing children into society. Illich sees manipulative institutions as being those where â€Å"some men may set, specify, and evaluate the personal goals of others†. It is very clear that Illich means it when he calls for the de schooling of society. Learning Webs: Illich’s practical vision for learning in a de-schooled society is built around what he calls ‘learning webs’. Illich envisages 3 types of learning exchange; between a skills teacher and a student, between people themselves engaging in critical discourse, and between a master and a student. Illich also considers the de-institutionalisation of resources. He proposes that resources already available in society be made available for learning. For example a shop could allow interested people to attempt repairs on broken office equipment as a learning exercise. He suggests that such a network of educational resources could be financed either directly by community expenditure. Whether he is talking about skills exchanges or educational resources Illich envisages non hierarchical networks. The professionals in Illich’s vision are the facilitators of these exchanges not the distributors of approved knowledge packages in the school system. He envisages two types of professional educators; those who operate the resource centres and facilitate skills exchanges and those who guide others in how to use these systems and networks. The ‘masters’ we have mentioned above he does not see as professional educators but rather as people so accomplished in their own disciplines that they have a natural right to teach it. Illich’s programme is practical and thought out. He proposes new institutions of a convivial nature to replace the manipulative ones of the current schooling system. In these new institutions there is no discontinuity between ‘school’ and the world; (though this is most definitely not ‘lifelong learning’ which seeks to extend schooling throughout adult life). There is no ritual of induction of the next generation into the myths of society through a class of teacher-preachers. Illich is interested in learning as a human activity carried out for obvious purposes – to gain the benefits that learning the new skill brings. Educational resources are usually labeled according to educators’ curricular goals. Illich propose to do the contrary, to label four different approaches which enable the student to gain access to any educational resource which may help him to define and achieve his own goals: Reference Services to Educational Objects – which facilitate access to things or processes used for formal learning. Some of these things can be reserved for this purpose, stored in libraries, rental agencies, laboratories, and showrooms like museums and theatres; others can be in daily use in factories, airports, or on farms, but made available to students as apprentices or on off hours. Skill Exchanges – which permit persons to list their skills, the conditions under which they are willing to serve as models for others who want to learn these skills, and the addresses at which they can be reached. Peer-Matching – a communications network which permits persons to describe the learning activity in which they wish to engage, in the hope of finding a partner for the inquiry. Reference Services to Educators-at-Large – who can be listed in a directory giving the addresses and self-descriptions of professionals, paraprofessionals, and freelancers, along with conditions of access to their services. Such educators, as we will see, could be chosen by polling or consulting their former clients. Conclusion: Illich argued that the use of technology to create decentralized webs could support the goal of creating a good educational system. A good educational system should have three purposes: It should provide all who want to learn with access to available resources at any time in their lives; Empower all who want to share what they know to find those who want to learn it from them; Furnish all who want to present an issue to the public with the opportunity to make their challenge known. An educated child should be able to: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Read, write, and communicate effectively; Think creatively and logically to solve problems; and Set and work toward goals. Bibliography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschooling_Society http://ournature.org/~novembre/illich/1970_deschooling.html http://www.natural-learning.net/000154.html http://www.livingjoyfully.ca/unschooling/getting_started/what_is_deschooling.htm http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/philosophy/education/illich/schooling.html

Antidiuretic Hormone

Antidiuretic Hormone is a nanopeptide, meaning it has nine amino acids (Allain). The hormone is made in the hypothalamus and is transported by axons to be stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. From there, it is released into the blood circulation when necessary (Bowen). ADH regulates plasma osmolarity, or the concentration of solutes in the blood. Osmoreceptors are neurons that sense the osmolarity and send information to the hypothalamus. When plasma osmolarity is below a certain threshold, the osmoreceptors are not activated and the secretion of ADH is suppressed.When osmolarity increases above the threshold, the osmoreceptors stimulate the neurons that secrete ADH (Bowen). ADH is released from the hypothalamus when osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus detect a rise in blood osmolarity, which is normally caused by an excessive loss of water. It reaches the kidneys by blood vessels. Once at the kidneys, the hormone makes distal convoluted ducts more permeable to wat er so that more is reabsorbed and water is conserved in the blood. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, or JGA, helps the kidney when one has low blood pressure or low blood volume.When blood pressure drops or there is a lack of sodium in the blood, the JGA releases the enzyme renin into the bloodstream. Renin acts on the plasma protein angiotensin, and turns it into its active form, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then constricts the arterioles, which raises blood pressure. Raising blood pressure in the arterioles increases filtration (â€Å"Hormones of Kidney Regulation†). Antidiuretic hormone has many disorders related to it. The most common disease of man and animals related to ADH is diabetes insipidus.Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids, and the excretion of large amounts of urine. There are four main types of diabetes insipidus: hypothalamis diabetes insipidus, nephrogenis diabetes insipidus, gestational diabetes in sipidus, and primary polydipsia (â€Å"Diabetes insipidus†). Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus is a deficiency in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary. Causes of the disease include head trauma, and infections or tumors involving the hypothalamus (Bowen).It is treated with the synthetic hormone, desmopressin. Desmopressin eliminates the increase in urination (â€Å"Diabetes insipidus†). Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is when the kidney is unable to respond to ADH (Bowen). This is caused by renal disease, a genetic disorder, or a chronic kidney disorder. It is treated by a low salt diet, drinking more water, or the drug called hydrochlorothiazide, which reduces urine output. Gestational diabetes insipidus occurs only during pregnancy when an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the mother.This is also treated with desmopressin. Primary polydipsia is the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. It is caused by an intake of excessive fluids or a menta l illness. There is no specific treatment other than decreasing the amount of fluid intake, but if the condition is caused by mental illness, treating the mental illness may relieve the symptoms (â€Å"Diabetes insipidus†). Another ADH disorder is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, or SIADH. SIADH occurs when excessive levels of ADH are produced.It occurs mostly with people with heart failure, people with a diseased hypothalamus, or a certain type of cancer. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, seizures, coma, and personality changes. It is diagnosed by blood tests, which measure sodium, potassium chloride levels, and osmolality. SIADH is treated by a fluid restriction of between 30 to 75 percent of normal fluid intake or certain medications that inhibit the action of ADH (â€Å"Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)†). Antidiuretic hormone is vital for survival.The human body would not be able to live without ADH. The small pep tide molecule helps control the levels of water and solutions in the body. Without this, when one loses or gains solutes, the body would not know how to react. Works Cited â€Å"ADH. † Lab Tests Online. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Allain, Pierre. â€Å"Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH or Vasopressin. † Pharmacorama. Pharmacorama, 20 Sept. 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Bowen, R. â€Å"Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin). Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System. N. p. , 9 Dec. 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Diabetes Insipidus. † Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Hormones of Kidney Regulation. † Kidney and Nephron. Tripod, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Mullally, Aaron. â€Å"Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH {Vasopressin}). † Sophia. Sophia Learning, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH). † The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. .

Discuss the significance of the ghost in Act 1 Essay

â€Å"It harrows me with fear and wonder. † Horatio’s expressive words on first encountering the ghost in Hamlet are reflective of the concerns that were preeminent in the minds of the Elizabethans of Shakespeare’s time with regards the supernatural. The influence of the people’s rampant belief in ghosts, witches and superstitious ideas is evident on the pages of such Shakespearean works as Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar and Richard III. This idea of ghosts triggered a sense of fear, and instigated thought on matters such as death and the afterlife. The appearance of King Hamlet’s ghost is thus not only typical of the era in which the play was supposedly written, as well as typical of other Shakespearean works, but brings to mind issues which are still widely debated today. Act 1 begins with a change of guards at the Elsinore castle, an active scene which has been interpreted by some to set off the tension in the play. The guards on duty, Marcellus and Barnardo, attempt to convince Horatio of an ‘apparition’, a ‘dreaded sight’ which they had twice previously seen. Horatio, however, is filled with disbelief, proclaiming, â€Å"Tush, tush, ’twill not appear. † The repetition of the word ‘tush’ in this alliterative statement draws our attention to his doubts of the ghost’s appearance, and thus makes it even more dramatic when the ghost suddenly appears. The setting of the first scene on the castle battlements past midnight, and the manner in which the ghost’s previous appearances are described by the guards, employing such adjectives as ‘dreaded’ and references to heaven and the â€Å"star†¦ where now it burns† all come together to create a fearful scene. These all pave the way for the appearance of the ghost, and further dramatic description of it and its actions. The way the ghost moves and acts, seen in the use of sibilance in â€Å"See, it stalks away†, and in the stage directions, â€Å"It spreads his arms† can be described as frightening and haunting. Horatio says of the ghost, â€Å"†¦ it started like a guilty thing/ Upon a fearful summons† This simile implies that the ghost is still facing judgement, and this introduces the idea of purgatory. It is believed by Catholics that when a person dies, they either go to heaven, hell or are in judgement in purgatory. The ghost further hints this idea to Hamlet when he says, â€Å"Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature/ Are burnt and purged away. † This further connotes the idea that Hamlet’s father is Catholic whereas Hamlet, a student at Wittenberg, the same university attended by Martin Luther the religious Reformist and founder of Protestantism, is Protestant. This idea of religious differences can be linked to the era in which Shakespeare was writing, in that the Church of England had broken away from the Catholic Church under King Henry in the 16th century and there was thus consciousness of differing denominations among Catholics and Anglicans in England. It is also very dramatic that the ghost does not speak to the guards, and indeed it speaks to no other person but Hamlet. Although Horatio, the scholar, bids it to speak to him with the continuous repetition of ‘Speak to me’, the ghost does not speak till it has met Hamlet and led him away from the others. The delay between when the guards see the ghost in the first scene and when the ghost actually speaks to Hamlet in Scene Four creates suspense and heightens the tension in the play. The appearance and words of the ghost confirms the speculation by the guards and Horatio that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. † This is reminiscent of where Horatio earlier points out, making use of alliteration, that â€Å"this bodes some strange eruption to our state. † There is a lot of war imagery used in this Act, including â€Å"†¦ assail your ears/ That are so fortified†¦ † and â€Å"martial stalk†. The Danes are worried that war will be waged on them by Fortinbras of Norway, and thus the reason for people working to make weapons day and night, and guards watching the palace all night long. The ghost only seems to buffer these thoughts, appearing in â€Å"warlike form† and wearing the same armour which King Hamlet had on when he â€Å"combated† Norway. However, the ghost’s calling of Hamlet aside is significant as it proves that he has appeared for a more private reason than those concerning the wars of Denmark.

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Philosophy - Assignment Example Nevertheless, we can assume philosophy to be a consistent and rational effort to acquire knowledge  about topics that do not warrant empirical investigation (Brown Web). This paper discuses some of these philosophical topics and questions. Traditionally, rationalism and empiricism have been the normal ways that philosophy attempts to answer the question, â€Å"what do I know?†, â€Å"how do I know it?†, and "How do I get beyond mere opinion to real knowledge?" However, both rationalism and empiricism theories manifest different strengths and weaknesses in trying to explain human knowledge. The two theories differ on the extent to which we are dependent upon sense experience in our effort to gain knowledge. Indeed, while rationalism proposes that we gain knowledge through reasoning, empiricism on the other hand proposes that we gain knowledge through sensory experience (Markie Web). However, according to me, I find that rationalism best explains human knowledge. This is because the rationalism relevantly puts forward two concrete explanations to their theory. First, the argument that that there are instances where the content of human knowledge supersedes the information that sense experience can provide is very true. Indeed, human knowledge is not all about sense, it is about reasoning, critical thinking, logic, and rational insight. Actually, from the intuition  claim, rationalism equally reckons that we should not just believe what we see but we should also be able to derive conclusions through valid arguments (Markie Web). Indeed, in many cases we use the self-evident truth to derive more truths. This explains that we can have knowledge independent of sense experience. The rationalists’ theory also constructs accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world. More so, the rationalism theory is flexible in that it adjusts its understanding of certain beliefs and adopts the denial of

Jennifers Company of Routinely Administering Honesty Tests Essay

Jennifers Company of Routinely Administering Honesty Tests - Essay Example 1). Whereas honesty testing can be helpful in the hiring process, it should never be the only instrument used to determine the suitability for hiring a prospective employee. They are not always right in every case, just like every other test. Furthermore, their results can be misinterpreted. In fact, they are illegal in Massachusetts and Rhode Island because of their controversial nature (PsychTests, 2009). For any business who has ever hired someone they later fired for stealing, failing a random drug test, or failing to show up to work on time, these tests can prove to be a valuable tool. They can help reduce the chances of these problems occurring by a significant proportion (PsychTests, 2009). Before hiring someone, it is important that a company like Carter Cleaning Centers know how much integrity, reliability, and work ethic the prospective applicant possesses. It is also important to know if they have a substance abuse problem. According to employee surveys, the following startling facts reveal just how big a problem it can be: It is interesting, yet sad, that many ... 31% abuse drugs or alcohol (Honesty Testing, 2009, pg. 1) It is interesting, yet sad, that many businesses fail because of their employees' actions. Millions claim that they were stolen out of business by their employees. Higher-rank employees tend to steal more or to steal items of higher value or embezzle more cash, while lower-ranking employees tend to steal less or to steal items that are of lower value (Honesty Testing, 2009). It is difficult to stop the problem, mainly because certain questions cannot be asked. According to Honesty Testing (2009, pg. 1), "Increasing lawsuits have made it extremely difficult, even illegal for you to ask important questions to determine the integrity of a job candidate. Past employers can be held liable for information they give you. If you choose to avoid hiring suspicious candidates, can you prove that you did not discriminate In the absence of objective data, it is often impossible to demonstrate that your decision was made objectively, without regard to gender, race, age, etc. There are other assessment tools that can help weed out potential problem employees. They help to reduce your risk and select the best employees. They help to stop the following types of common employee problems: Unauthorized use of the Internet Using company email for personal use Disclosing private and restricted computer data Theft of office supplies and other company property Clocking in or out for other employees Revealing confidential information and/or trade secrets to outsiders Inventory shrinkage Carelessness Unexcused absences Tardiness Drug use Sub-par job performance Fraud Job-hopping (Honesty Testing, 2009) Survey reports can include a multitude of checks. One company

Critical nursing situations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical nursing situations - Research Paper Example The study had several limitations regarding the sample population, tools, availability of data, and the role of nurses in pain identification and assessment. First, the study reviewed medical documents from two medical centers with specified care in Quebec City. The study also considered only 52 patients and 183 pain cases. The statistics indicate that the study had a narrow coverage that did not offer an ultimate sample population. Second, the research used reviewed secondary data from the two clinics. It is possible that this clinic lacked proper documentation procedures. Thus, the availed documents had irregularities that result to wrong interpretation of the results. Third, the use of secondary data is an indication that the medical field lacks appropriate tools for conducting pain assessment for patients in this category of care. Thus, inadequacy or lack of the tools might have resulted in wrong data and misinterpretations. Finally, the research focused on non-pharmacological pr ocedures in clinics that used pharmacological procedures. The differences were sources of faults and wrong data. It also failed to incorporate the nursing roles and ideas of assessing pain. Overall, the reliance on medical documentation to identify the best practices for pain assessment created room for wrong entries and findings. The highlighted are the main limitations of this study. In the absence of non-pharmacological equipment for assessing pain in the critical care units, the sector should empower nurses by conducting preemptive education plans.

Final exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final exam questions - Essay Example It will also help in delivering the right products to the right market. Demographics Segmenting a market for baby-ware can be challenging because the consumer is not the actual decision maker. In considering the demographics of such a market, it is essential to understand that the demographics of the parents will be necessary. In this case, the age and gender of the parents of the children who are the target market will be necessary to be considered. This will help in creating marketing campaigns which are directed towards specific groups of people (Wedel & Kamakura, 2000). Psychographic segmentation Psychographic segmentation is also important. This refers to the behaviour of the customers and the way in which these customers are likely to behave in relations to the product (Webster, 1995). Some customers are likely to be willing to pay a little more if the quality of the product is raised higher. Others are likely to buy more often while others may be more exposed to the fashion ap peal of the product. In developing a product for parents who want to buy fashionable clothing for their children, it will be necessary for the organisation to consider having fashionable products. Segmentation by occasions There are various occasions and seasons which may require various kinds of clothing for the occasions. For example, selling Christmas clothing may only be necessary during the Christmas season. Halloween attire may again need to be sold during the Halloween season. Question 2 Every product has to go through four main stages as follows; Introduction Introduction stage of a product is the time when the product has just been innovated and being introduced to the market. For an ice cream product at this stage, it would be necessary to have intensive market in order to make sure that as many consumers have managed to know the existence of the product. Active marketing such as advertising in the main media outlets will also help a lot in giving the product popularity (W ebster, 1995). Growth The growth stage is crucial because not only does it show that the product is improving, but also because the product at this time has started to make money, thus making it possible to retain it. At this stage, the important thing is to increase the visibility of the product in order to have access to a wider market. Maturity At this time, the product is always at its best and it making a lot of money. However, the product mow has faces two main risks. The first risk comes from the fact that this product has no more room for growth because the product has reached its peak. The second risk is the risk of imitation from new market entrants. At this point, the best thing would be to look for ways to re-innovate the product. Decline The last stage of a product is the decline stage and at this stage the product is dying out. At this stage, the product cannot be redeemed, and it is important to utilize it as a platform to introduce its successor (Ranchhod & Gurau, 20 07). Although the product is declining, it is still enjoying the fact that it is well known in the market. The best thing is to look at ways in which this product can be use to help the new product developed during stage three into the market. Question 3 In marketing, maintaining and strengthening customer relationship is always important. BMW has been one auto manufacturers who have managed to use modern marketing

Women's movments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's movments - Essay Example Mass women’s movements are no longer there since the beginning of the era of organizations that acts on their behalf such as the National Organization for Women. Opposition to women demands also led to the decline and the backsliding of the women’s movement in many forms such as silence and backlash in legal attacks on the actions taken, and the media portrayal of some women. There were also a lot of opposition from politicians, employers, and bureaucrats in the private and the public arena as Epstein (2002) asserts. The job evaluators were not keen on increasing women’s salaries to equalize it with the mens but wanted to protect the interests of their private employers. Employers also opposed any pay rises due to the fear of high costs, and working men feared a pay cut to increase the womens wages. Men with masculine superiority never wanted women work to be equal to theirs and opposed the idea greatly. There were also employment and economic changes by capitalists aimed at achieving flexibility, maximize profits, and make the movement weak. Males were opposed to payrise for women, as they wanted them to remain inferior to them in all aspects (Ehrenreich, 2005). Many changes occurred in the organizations such as labor movements not related to feminism leaving feminism organizations to focus on races, cross-class, and global focus.Women remain the active caregivers with or without pay. One major cause of the decline in the womens movement is the continuous attack on feminism and the decline of the other activist’s movements that encouraged women to demand their rights. There is a big decline in the Black Power Movements and the civil rights such that they have weakened. The other groups such as the gay and lesbian rights groups nowadays have no direction and the movement’s leaders are not willing to discuss the problems facing movements in the

Entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurs - Essay Example With the successes gathered by high level entrepreneurs who barely attained a high school education in preference of pursuing their life dreams in entrepreneurship, one concludes that their success was inborn due to their youth and relative inexperience. Research has shown that different aspects are central for one to become a successful entrepreneur. Tomczyk, Lee and Winslow (2012) portend that although personality and motivation (inborn characteristics) affects the entrepreneurial prowess, the factors are, in turn, influenced by adjustable factors such as physiology, family, culture and demographics. Skills and abilities also play a crucial role in the establishment of a successful entrepreneur. It is clear that successful entrepreneur combines both the inborn characteristics such as motivation and personality with gained traits such education and work. This affirms that entrepreneurs are both born and made. The personal attributes of creativity and risk-taking are excellent founda tions for a successful entrepreneur. However, strengthening them with education and experience makes a person stand a better chance of being successful. Otherwise, how would a person be successful if they do not combine both

Time Value of Money Application Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money Application Paper - Essay Example The following are some important concepts of time value of money: Future value of money at a particular point is equal to the original sum of money plus interest rate multiplied by original sum of money. Suppose a retirement plan financial service provider receives $100 at the rate of 8% per annum; the future value of that fund will be: Given above scenario, present value is a reverse of the future value in that it shows how much certain amount of dollar worth today. The above formula can equally be used to calculate present value, in this case it will be inverted; if the calculations involve compound interest then the amount in inner braces will be raised to a power of n. the resulting value is otherwise called discounted value. This is the cost for borrowing or lending money or can be viewed as the yield to which money can earn. This interest rate can be categorized into nominal rate of interest and effective rate of interest2. Nominal interest rate is that rate of interest not adjusted for inflation whereas effective interest rate has full effect of compounding and is adjusted for inflation. Commercial banks make good use of time value of money in all their transactions – accepting deposits, lending to firms and corporate organizations and even borrowing short-term instruments from other financial institutions. For example, if a commercial bank accepts savings from a client at 5% per annum, assuming the client deposits $200 every two months for a year; the client might unwittingly be glad for receiving the 5% in addition to security he/she enjoys from the bank. However, these funds can be lent out at 15% to a credit card company who now uses this to service its customers. The difference between 15% paid by Credit Card Company and 5% paid to this client with the commercial bank reflects the of time value of money. Using above example, credit card financial

Contextualised analysis of Associated British Foods PLC Dissertation

Contextualised analysis of Associated British Foods PLC - Dissertation Example For the purpose of operational capability of the company, its corporate strategy has been analyzed in addition to the competitive environment and other risks to which it is being exposed. The paper presents the financial evaluation of the company and for this particular purpose, the most effective tool of ratio analysis has been utilized. The financial ratios are usually divided into various sub categories such as profitability, gearing and liquidity, each put emphasis on a different area of the financial outlook of the organization. These analyses form an integral part of the financial statement analysis, especially from the investor’s point of view, which are always looking for avenues to invest in countries having strengthened and stabilized financial ratios and representing an upward trend. In addition to the financial evaluation, for the purpose of risk assessment, several risks has been identified and assessed such as firm related risks, currency risks, capital structure risks and market risks. The ABF plc actively follows the corporate governance directives issued by the FRC for the corporation registered in the UK. Being a premium company listed on the stock exchange, the company is required to follow the directives of the corporate governance requirements. The company has stated in its latest financial report that it has complied with all of the provisions and directives of the corporate governance as per the regulations. The company has always remained sincere to its corporate social responsibility and has always strived for it. Being a multinational, the policies of corporate social responsibility extends to all of the countries in which the company has its operations. 1 Overview of the Company Associated British Foods is not a new name in the food and ingredients industry and is considered analogous to quality and premium branding. The company is a diversified conglomerate having five major strategic segments which are sugar, agriculture, ret ail, grocery and ingredients. The company is a multinational and has been working to further broaden its horizon. As per the latest financial statements of the company for the annual year 2012, the company is operating in more than 47 countries worldwide having employed more than 106,000 employees. The vision and mission statement of the company is to achieve strong leadership in the course of business which is sustainable and long lasting. The company always strives to provide quality products to the individuals and other consumers and to become a necessary brand in the people’s day to day active life. The financial year 2012 proved to be a vital year for the company as it continued to progress and thrive in the midst of all the financial difficulties and was able to divert various operating hurdles as well. One of the indicators of the robust financial performance of the company was the fact that its revenue increased by an impressive 11% during the current financial year t o ?12.3 billion which caused the adjusting operating profit to increase by 17% as compared to the previous

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay Organizational Behavior and Communication is found in every company, organizations, and groups. Organizational behavior and communications are discussed by using Starbucks Coffee Company. The discussion will cover company’s values and mission statement. The mission statement contains the philosophy, vision, and values. Also, some background of the company will be given. There will a discussion on the communication and on what extent this is determine by the Starbucks Coffee Company Culture. Background Starbucks was start in the 1970 in the state of Washington. The name Starbucks was inspire by the novel Moby Dick. In 1987 purchased by a man name Howard Schultz. At the time of the purchase Starbucks had stores only the Pacific Northwest. After the purchase Starbucks was selling coffee in other countries such Europe. In the first vision of Schultz was to fine coffees. Organizational Culture The organizational culture of Starbucks is based on diversity. The formula that they use is Diversity=Inclusion+Equity+Accessibility. The definition is â€Å"Inclusion: human connection engagement, Equity: fairness justice, and Accessibility: ease of use barrier free† (www.starbucks.com, 2013). The company has divided the organizational culture (diversity) in the following parts: 1. Partner/employees: Starbucks wants partners as different as the cities they work in. The proper word could be diverse 2. Customers: Starbuck want their customers to have an extremely nice experience. In order to achieve this Starbucks by giving the customer their preferences. 3. Communities: Starbucks does make investment in local communities as well as worldwide. Starbucks by giving economic opportunities in ways of jobs and other forms of help. 4. Suppliers: Starbucks work with many minority groups of suppliers. Also suppliers that are women. Starbucks support many organizations. Examples of these are Community Service, Youth Groups, and Create Jobs for USA, Also the American Red Cross. The espoused values of Starbucks do agree with the enacted values. Example of this is on July 3, 2012 it was announced that Starbucks will have two openings in Latin America. â€Å"Starbucks Coffee Company reaffirmed its commitment to Latin America with two major openings- its first in Costa Rica, and its firs Farmer Support Center in South America located in Colombia† (China weekly news, 2012). Latin America provides large amount of the coffee that Starbucks us. Another example is that in 2010 Starbucks refuse to raise the prices of the coffee. Most companies raise their prices due the raise of the coffee prices. Starbucks decide not raise the prices for awhile but monitor the prices. The organizational communication of Starbucks is 100% determined by the organizational culture. The communications channels are very clear and easy to use. Starbucks have communication channels that employees can use. These channels are telephone calls, online reporting, e-mail, and written reports. The communication channels for the customers are the Starbucks website. The customer could find the mission statement or locate a store. Also, if a person wants to apply for a job they can do it on the website. Role of Communication â€Å"Starbucks uses a model of communication used generally by smaller group networks, all channel communication† (yahoo.com 2008) The communication plays an extremely important role in the organizational culture of Starbucks. The organizational communication is open to the customer. The customers can talk with an employee then the employees report to the supervisors or department heads. The communication channels are always updated by Starbucks. â€Å"Partners are encouraged to report all types of issues or concerns to the program through their choice of the offered communication channels.† (www.starbucks.com, 2013) Another form of communication is the Standards of Business Conduct booklet. This helps the employees make excellent decision and also how to act with the customers. The communication has no misalignment with the espoused values or enacted values. The organization gives many communication channels for the employees. Another reason is that the company from time to time sees what needs to be change so that the organization can run smoothly. Conflict in group communication Whenever a company or an organization has a group that works together there will be a communication conflict. A solution to any conflict needs to be found before the conflict can come out. While researching Starbucks there was no conflict mention. Starbucks does have a clear image. Starbucks does show press releases on the decision that are being made As for the employees are concern Starbucks does provide communication channels to report any issues. The issue that refers to any communication conflicts in the group communications. On the same website the organization will post any communication about the company. The organization can use the conflict to put an additional person in the group to deal with the conflict and find ways to keep the conflict out of the group. Additional Information Starbucks supports the Earth watch Institute, Save the Children, Mercy Corps, and Plant Green. These are just a few of the organizations that Starbuck is working with. When the employees are making a decision they have standards to rely on. These standards are Standard of Business Conduct. Starbucks has these standards printed in the following languages English, Chinese, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Spanish, and Thai. Conclusion Starbucks is an organization that puts customers and employees first. They have high levels of values, vision, mission, and philosophy. Starbucks do indeed help the communities that have their location. In the pass Starbucks kept their coffee prices down when the prices of the coffee bean were going up. Then Starbucks is opening up business in Latin American and Costa Rica. These businesses will be working hand- in- hand with the local farmers. In addition Starbucks has used the coffee is from the Latin American and Costa Rica. The communication channels are aligning with the mission, philosophy, vision, and values statement. Also Starbucks provide the customers communication channels to report any wrong doing. Starbucks makes extremely high efforts to have a strong company. References About Us. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Food Weekly News, 145. (2010).; Starbucks Coffee Company; Starbucks Responds to Surging Green Coffee Prices. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/75581576?accountid=35812 Our Mission Statement. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Seazone, S. (July 18, 2008). Successful Application of Organizational Behavior: Starbucks. Retrieved from http://www.voices.yahoo.com Starbucks Coffee Company. (2013). Business Ethics and Compliance. Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com Starbucks Coffee Company; Starbucks Broadens Presence in Latin America. (2012). China Weekly News, 192. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022321948?accountid=35812

Auditor Ethical Standards and Auditing Strategies

Auditor Ethical Standards and Auditing Strategies Discuss the ethical standards required of auditors. The Auditing Practices Board (APB) has issued new standards governing the ethical conduct of auditors which commenced on 15 December, 2004 (Cosserat, 2004). The following lists the new Ethical Standards: Integrity, Objectivity and independence These new ethical standards also include the fact that client’s must also facilitate policies new standards is that auditors of a control environment appoint an ethics partner. This position entails the review of the firm’s procedures and policies which regard to compliance and as such it provides the associated guidance for partners. The new Standards recognize that for smaller audit firms it might not be practical for an ethics partner to be designated. The new Ethical Standards are a result of a number of international developments represented by either international organizations and or countries that have helped to bring about the changes to Standards. These are represented by the following: The United States legislation termed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which lays down the independence requirements for auditors. In particular it addresses audit firms that audit SEC registrants or participant in significant parts of the foregoing. A report that is titled ‘Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting’, which is an international perspective that was developed as a result of the commissioning by the IFAC of an independent group to address the preceding, and As a result of the publishing of the ‘Principles of Auditor Independence’ which was put forth by the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The new Standards are what are termed ‘principles-based’ as opposed to ‘rules-based’. The preceding means that there are clear requirements as well as prohibitions. The key underpinning of this change provides for stricter compliance with the ‘spirit of intention’ and thus prevent the possibility of either a firm or person attempting to evade or avoid conformity with the rule. The effect of the foregoing helps to ensure compliance with ethical standards in that ‘intention’ covers a broader ethical parameter. In effect, one could avoid or evade breaking a rule, however the intent through either actions or the change in former action(s) could point to the definitive attempt to do so. This broader interpretation widens the scope of ethics and requires auditors to conduct their actions accordingly throughout the process. In a speech delivered by Douglas Carmichael at the AICPA National Conference on 12 December, 2003 (Carmichael, 2003) he sets forth the examples of ‘alleged’ audit failures of National Student Marketing in 1969, Penn Central in 1970 and Equity Funding in 1973 as instances whereby principle based auditing might have forestalled the problems. The foregoing is true of Enron’s collapse in 2001 and indicates that the broader scope or ethics afforded auditors under the principle based methodology provides better rules and guidance from which auditors can act. Financial, business, employment and personal relationships This segment of the new Standards addressed the varied relationships that can and do exist between clients and audit firms and their staff. This limits the nature of relationships and threats to the objectivity and independence of audits and prohibits those which the APB believes that no effective safeguards can be introduced. Long association with the audit engagement Associations of long duration poses potential threats, in particular with regard to those represented by publicly listed companies. Thus, the new Standards set forth the rotation of audit firm partners to introduce objectivity as well as independence. The new Standards sets that term as five (5) years as the continuous period limit as well as a break period of five (5) years for the rotation. Fees, economic dependence, remuneration and evaluation policies, litigation, gifts and hospitality. One important, and highly debated point is the requirement that no single client shall account for more than ten percent (10%) of an audit company’s annual fee. This figure is fifteen percent (15%) for non-publicly listed firms. Non-audit services provided to audit clients This segment of the new Standards identifies the general approach to non-audit services and applies general principles to various specific non-audit aspects such as: Internal audit services Accounting services Information technology services Valuation services Recruitment and remuneration services Corporate services, and Tax services Explain what is meant by the term Risk Based Auditing  and the advantages that accrue to the auditor in  utilizing a risk based Risk based auditing entails the providing of â€Å"†¦ independent assurances on the management of risks, and forming an opinion †¦ which sound controls have been implemented †¦ maintained to mitigate those significant risks †¦. Management has agreed upon† (Association of Chartered Accountants, 2002). Risk based auditing addressed some important aspects and questions which controls-based auditing does not answer. The benefit of risk based auditing is that it provides a basis for the auditor to have an examination of the business process and its risks. The foregoing provides a context for the results. Risk based auditing changes the manner in which internal auditors think as well as converse regarding control and risk. The auditor anticipates change and examines the manner in which management deals or is dealing with risks (McNamee et al, 1999) An advantage of risk based auditing is that the auditor is typically looking at control activities that were designed at some previous point to deal with aspects which may have long since been forgotten. In other words the internal auditor might be examining activities which might or might not be relevant in terms of current risks. Said controls could actually be extraneous as a result of monitoring aspects which are either no longer important or in existence. Another aspect is that essential controls could very possibly be overlooked as in a sense they do not exist yet due to changes in the business process. A good number of internal auditors have implemented the utilization of control self-assessment (CSA) as a means to address some of the concerns of management in capturing the state of the business process with regard to risk and control. It is important to note that control models both limit and define CSA so as a result these applications usually start with controls to the right and to the left of the internal audit. The limit of CSA is in its ability to explore the future. Risked based auditing has internal auditors anticipating change. As opposed to the old approach of focusing upon history, the reports generated by auditors address the present as well as the company’s preparedness level with respect to dealing with the future. The advantage is that internal audits complete the circle with respect to assurance of control regarding present operation plans and provide input to risk assessment with regard to the strategic plan. As a result, management places a higher degree of value on risk based internal audits than those of the traditional controls based type. The failure of the United States based Enron during 2001 has been a major factor adding to the impetus for improved financial reporting and auditing /Crossert, 200). The essential elements of today’s financial reporting systems are business viability along with profitability assessments (Bell et al, 1997). The foregoing is accomplished by key audit steps, auditing procedures concern ing strategy analysis, key indicators that are required as well as necessary to effectively monitor performance and risk assessment. Enron’s collapse has brought about standards that strengthen the responsibility of auditors in detecting fraud. The preceding requires evaluation of the effectiveness of an entities first management in preventing such misstatements as a result of fraud or other means. It also calls more attention to irregularities of a minor nature and thus appreciate their significance as the multiplicity of such small irregularities can be significant. Describe three (separate) codes of legislation under which statutory auditors may be required to make a report to the regulator in the event of non-compliance on the part of  a client with the law and provide examples where an auditor would be required to issue a report The Criminal Justice Act (Irish Statute Book, 20053) under Section 59 â€Å"Reporting of Offences† sets forth legislation whereby auditors may be required to issue a report to the regulator as a result of non-compliance by a client with statutes of the law. It describes under â€Å"relevant person† (Irish Statute Book, 20053) â€Å"(a) who audits the accounts of a firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Under the Act, an auditor is required to issue a report for the following: â€Å"(2) Where the accounts of a firm, or as the case may be any information or document mentioned in subsection (1)(b), indicate that – an offence under this Act (other than sections 8, 12 to 15, 49(1) and 52(8) may have been committed by the firm concerned, or such an offense may have been committed in relation to its affairs by a partner in the firm or, in the case of a corporate or unincorporated body, by a director, manager, secretary or other employee thereof, or by the self-employed individual concerned, the relevant person (which in this instance includes the auditor as described above), shall, notwithstanding any professional obligations of privilege or confidentiality, report that fact to a member of the Garda Siochana.† The instances referred to by the preceding are described as â€Å" (2) For the purposes of this Act a person deceives if he or she –â€Å" are as follows (Irish Statute Book, 20053): â€Å" 1. (a) creates or reinforces a false impression, including a false impression as to law, value or intention or other state of mind, (b) prevents another person from acquiring information which would affect that person’s judgment of a transaction, or (c) fails to correct a false impressions which the deceiver previously created or reinforced or which the deceiver knows to be influencing another to whom he or she stands in a fiduciary or confidential relationship â€Å" An example of the preceding shall be addressed under section (a). This refers to an instance whereby either contracts, or real property value of a corporations assets are miss-stated. Such can be accomplished through the utilization of a qualified or recognized third party or in collusion whereby said third party conducting said valuation is unaware of the addition of material miss-statements that inflate the value or price under said instances. A contract, for example, could be altered as to the agreed upon terms, payment, and thus said inflated price affects the outcome of an audit whereby the firm’s value of income is thereby heightened. The same type of back office procedure could also relate to an appraisal of real property such as plant, real estate or equipment whereby either its price, terms of sale or existence has been altered. These types of misconduct are the sustentative underpinnings. The foregoing broad examples represent the activities which resulted in the United States affecting such companies as WorldCom and Global Crossing. The miss-statement of various financial reporting areas caused the valuations of these companies to be inflated thus increasing the stock price before subsequent investigations uncovered the miss-statement errors. The bankruptcy proceedings and drop in stock price affected millions of shareholders and caused significant financial loss. Bibliography Association of Chartered Accountants. 2002. Definition of Risk Based Auditing. http://www.accaglobal.com/technical/responses/archive/650602 Bell, , T., Mars, F., Solomon, I. Thomas, H. 1997. Auditing Organizations Through a Strategic Systems Lens: The KPMG Business Measurement Process. KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, Illinois, Carmichael, Douglas. 2003. Professionalism is Primary. Speech delivered before AICPA National Conference 12, December, 2003, Washington D.C. Cosserat, Graham. 2000. Modern Auditing. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0470863226 Irish Statute Book. 2003. Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offenses) Act. www.irishstatutebook.ie McNamee, David, Selim, Georges. 1999. The next step in risk management – risk-based auditing. Internal Auditor, published by The Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamonte Springs, Florida, The United States

Certain Omissions Regarded As Criminal Conduct In Scotland Law Essay

Certain Omissions Regarded As Criminal Conduct In Scotland Law Essay There are certain restricted circumstances in Scots Law that an omission is regarded as criminal conduct. The key question to look at is do we have a positive duty to act? In Scots Common law there is no legal obligation if one individual finds another in peril to intervene and assist. However in some circumstances a situation will arise were failure to intervene will result in criminal liability  [3]  . So it is not what the accused did it is what they did not do. The situations were such intervention is legally required fall into three categories that have to be examined closely with particular reference to specific crucial cases. In addition looking at the significance of the actus reus and the mens rea in relation to appropriate cases. The actus reus has no official definition but it is the physical element of a crime, which includes conduct, omission or situation. The mens rea accompanied by the actus reus would result in criminal liability.  [4]  To illustrate both in t erms of omission I have highlighted specific cases that explain the significance of both The first circumstances that a failure to act can give rise to criminal liability is where a dangerous situation has been created by the accused or where the prior actions of the accused has created danger  [5]  This type of omission generally follows a positive act, this may be criminal or not. In HM Advocate v McPhee (1935) the accused was charged with murder. McPhee had carried out a violent serious assault on a woman, beating her, repeatedly kicking her, knocking her down and left her unconscious in an open field.  [6]  Lord Mackay upheld the murder conviction on the grounds that it could be asserted that the accused wickedly and feloniously exposed the woman regardless of consequences to the inclemency of the weather, and if she died in consequence both of the beating and exposure  [7]  This case found the accused guilty of culpable homicide. In cases similar to McPhees an omission will not arise if it can be proven that the accused initial criminal actions caused th e victims death. However because McPhees assault on the woman had weakened her he had a responsibility to remove her from that situation or aid her in the particular situation which the he had all ready created  [8]   An important case to highlight under this section is MacPhail v Clark (1983). This situation is a little more complicated as the actions of the accused are not criminal but instead his actions were negligent and reckless. However the actions that caused this situation may be regarded as criminal if they cause harm and in this case endanger lives.  [9]  The farmer in this case had set a fire to burn straw in a field that was upwind from a dual carriage way. The fire had spread causing the smoke to carry onto the road causing bad visibility. This resulted in two vehicles colliding causing injury.  [10]  The farmer was convicted of recklessly endangering the lieges.  [11]  It was highlighted that the farmer did nothing wrong in setting the fire in the field, it was the failure to ensure that the fire was safe and would not spread. Reports found that the burning of the straw continued for at least twenty minutes and the farmer continued to plough right up until the arrival of the emergency services.  [12]  The Farmer had done nothing to stop the fire spreading and continued to allow it to spread onto the road without taking any action to stop the dangerous situation that he had created. The second circumstances that can give rise to criminal liability are where the accused status or contractual obligation results in a duty to act.  [13]  This status or contractual obligation is when a person in a public office or position or responsibility has a duty to prevent the occurrence of harm, fails to do so.  [14]  This means that an onlooker is under a position and duties were they have a responsibility to prevent the offence. If the onlooker fails to do this it may result in criminal liability.  [15]  Bonar and Hogg v McLeod (1983) highlights a failure to prevent an offence. Mr Bonar was an older and more experienced senior officer who by being present at the scene of the crime and failure to intervene led to art and part guilt.  [16]  Hogg the officer who assaulted the prisoner, grabbed him by the throat and pushed his arm up his back, then quick marched him down the corridor. The excessiveness of the force was unnecessary as the prisoner was neither resi sting nor struggling with the officer.  [17]  During this offence Bonar did not only stand back and allow this to happen but was an active participant in the quick march down the corridor.  [18]  Bonar was regarded as art in part liable for the assault upon the prisoner.  [19]   The third and final situation that intervention is legally required is where a prior relationship between the accused and the victim which is such that there is a legal obligation to act.  [20]  An example of a special relationship would be a mother and child. In Bone v HM Advocate the mother was charged with culpable homicide of her daughter by witnessing and countenancing criminal conduct.  [21]  The allegations made against Bone were that she wilfully failed to protect her child and also to ensure that her wellbeing was intact or seek medical attention for her injuries. However Bones appealed the conviction and the appeal went in her favour and was quashed  [22]  . This was on the basis that the trial judge misdirected the jury by failing to give significant directions of the question of the assessment of whether the appellant had failed to take the reasonable steps to protect her child and ensure her wellbeing.  [23]  Due to this it was found that there was a misc arriage of justice and allowed the appeal against the conviction. Another case of relevance is to look at the relationship between a doctor and a patient. In this particular English case Adamako in 1993 was an anaesthetists in an eye operation were the tube from the ventilator had been detached. Adamako did not notice this for roughly six minutes when the patient went into cardiac arrest.  [24]  During the trial Adamako was charged with manslaughter by gross negligence, where the accused breached a duty of care towards the patient that resulted in death.  [25]  Adamako appealed to the House of Lords were the conviction was upheld. Lord Mackay stated that gross negligence depends on the seriousness of the breach of the duty committed by defendant in all circumstances in which he was placed when it occurs and whether, having regard to the risk of death involved, the conduct of the defendant was so bad in all circumstances as to amount in the jurys judgement to a criminal act or omission.  [26]  For an involuntary manslaughter by breach of duty to be proved firstly there has to be proof of the existence duty which was apparent in this case anaesthetists and patient. Secondly, a breach of duty resulting in death. This again occurred when the accused failed to see the detachment of the ventilator which led to cardiac arrest. Finally the jury must consider the gross negligence as justified for a criminal conviction.  [27]   In HM Advocate v McPhee a case mentioned earlier it is important to consider the significance of actus reus and mens rea. McPhee omits to the assault on the woman so therefore this can constitute to the actus reas of the crime. McPhee had severely beaten the woman and therefore weakening her putting her in a dangerous situation which lead to her death.  [28]  Paterson v Lees is a case of relevance that highlights the significance of the mens rea applied in a case of omission. Paterson was charged with inter alia, conducting himself in a shamelessly indecent manner. Paterson was babysitting his neighbours children a 9 year old little girl and an 11 year old boy. The original statement made was that the appellant did conduct [himself] is a shamelessly indecent manner towards [the female complainer aged 9 and the male complainer aged 11] and did show them a film of an obscene and indecent nature which depicted acts of human sexual intercourse.  [29]  What was illustrated in the case was that the appellant had allowed the children to continue watching the video he omitted to stop the children viewing the video. The Appeal Court was unanimous in the decision that the charge of shameless indecency could not be committed in this way. The issue here was that it was not a crime to permit children to view indecent material.  [30]  In common law shamelessly indecent conduct is an offence therefore it involves the element of mens rea. Therefore it must be proved that Paterson has the appropriate mens rea in this case it would be an intention to commit the offence this would involve switching on the material either intending to corrupt or deprave or knowledge that the material is liable to corrupt or deprave.  [31]  Due to this element of mens rea Patersons appeal was allowed. To conclude, the failure to act in some circumstances can under Scots law lead to criminal liability. When looking at omissions it is important to establish the requirements that lead to an omission and the elements of actus reus and mens rea. They all play vital roles in illustrating the complexity of being liable in certain circumstances and the wide variety of cases that involve omissions.

Women Breaking Free From Their Traditional Expectations Essay -- essay

Women Breaking Free From Their Traditional Expectations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All throughout the early part of history women were portrayed as the inferior sex, because at that point in time, women were seen as beings only born to have children. Men didn’t think that women were capable of being anything other than a typical housewife. It was unthinkable that women would actually need an education, let alone earn a living, or become a leader. These ideas are revealed all throughout classical literature. Rarely was a woman seen as doing anything but being dominated by males in some form, whether she was a man’s submissive devoted wife, a sexual object, or a woman being punished for wanting her freedom. We finally begin to see women trying to break free from these traditional expectations and barriers through the lives of Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, John’s wife in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Louise Mallard in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and Songlian in Raise the Red Lantern by Su Tong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God shows how the lives of American women changed in the early 20th century. Janie Crawford is an example of a woman in society who follows her dreams, takes control of her soul, and finds her own identity in a male dominated world. After two marriages in which Janie is ‘owned’ by the men in the relationship, she finds that she can own herself. â€Å"Janie was an unusual protagonist for her time—black, female, independent, and strong† (Shafer). Janie’s first effort to free her soul is from her husband Logan Killicks. Logan works her like a mule, making her do house chores as well as outside work. When she finally realizes that she doesn’t want to spend her life as a slave or with someone that she doesn’t love, Janie runs away to be with a man she had met only a few days before. Janie faces reality and gets out from under Logan’s rule before she becomes consumed into his world. Again Janie is only a possession of her new husband, Joe Starks. He displays her like a medal around his neck. He is so jealous of other men lusting after his wife that he restricts her to always tend the store, leave fun situations, and wear a head rag to hide her beautiful hair. Janie slowly breaks out of the shell that Starks has molded her into when she verbally defies him in front ... ...oper place was in the home. Even the laws and literary writings reflected this position. As women became more educated, they began to seek their freedom and a voice in society. This movement to gain equal rights for women has been referred to as feminism. Slowly have we made our way in history, but profoundly do we take our stand in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Aull, Felice â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† The Feminist Press at the City Univ. of New York (New York) 1892 7 July 2000 http://mcip00.nyu.edu./lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/gilman87-des-.html Gribben, Alan. â€Å"Chopin, Kate† The World book Encyclopedia. 1990 ed. Maloney, Karen E. â€Å"A Feminist Looks at Education: The Educational Philosophy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman† Teachers College  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Record vol. 99. Spring98: 514 Roberts, Edgar V. Fiction/An Introduction to Reading and Writing.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. 599 & 306 Shafer, Audrey. â€Å"Their Eyes Where Watching God† Harper & Row (New York) 1937 7 July 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://mchip00.nyu.edu/lit-mid-db/webdocs/webdescrips/hurston1137-des-.html Stolle, James. â€Å"A Cruel Tale From China—But What A Climax!† Albert Report/Newsmagazine,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6/21/93: 44

The Hidden Relationship Between Government and Media :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Hidden Relationship Between Government and Media Rather than being a neutral conduit for the communication of information, the U.S. media plays an intricate role in shaping and controlling political opinions. Media is extremely powerful in the sense that without an adequate functioning media, it is virtually impossible for a sophisticated social structure like the U.S. Government to exist. Henceforth, all known sophisticated social structure, have always dependent upon the media’s ability to socialize. The U.S. government generally will exploit the media, often times manipulating the enormous power of the printed word. Ultimately empowering the U.S. government, strengthening it with the ability to determine and control the popular perception of reality. One way in which government achieves this objective, is by its ability to misuse the media’s ability to set the agenda. Contrary to popular belief, media is in fact an enormous hegemony. In fact, separate independent news organizations relatively do not exist. Rather than creating an independent structured agenda of there own, generally lesser smaller news organizations adapt to a prepared agenda, previously constructed by a higher medium. Based upon this information alone, it is quite apparent that media functions in adherence to the characteristics of a hierarchy. This simply means that media is structured in a way that it operates functioning from top to bottom. This is also identical to the hierarchical nature of the human body, in that from the commands of the brain transferred through the central nervous system, the body responds accordingly. In order for the U.S. government to control and determine the public’s popular perception of reality, the government must shape and oversee the information that the media reports to the existing populous. This particular process of democracy is known and referred to by political scientists as cognitive socialization. However, many of us, who do not adhere to the cushioning of political correctn ess, refer to it as the propaganda machine. Numerous political scientists consider cognitive socialization to be the most effective form of political socialization. According to theory, cognitive socialization is doctored up information, which is strategically fragmented in such a manipulative manner, that the probability of its rationalization is highly predictable. The manipulative properties of cognitive socialization are so diabolical and Machiavellian in nature, that I consider it to be the ultimate perversion of the democratic process. In all seriousness, numerous intellectuals, and gentleman held in good stature agree, that cognitive socialization is the product of an evil genius.

performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay -- essays research papers

Performance Enhancing Drugs: Introduction The Tour de France is considered the world’s most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The â€Å"doping† scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for France’s Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a wellorganized system, orchestrated by the team’s management and doctor, for supplying riders with illicit performance-enhancing drugs. The Festina team was suspended from the Tour, and further investigations by French police led to the suspension and withdrawal of several more teams. Riders went on strike to protest the investigations, and less than half of the original competitors finished the race. French authorities are not alone in punishing athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs. From the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), most high-profile sports organizations have taken substantial steps to crack down on doping. Stronger anti-doping initiatives are considered necessary to preclude scandals that damage the image of sports and to silence critics who contend that not enough is being done to rid sports of drugs. The IOC, for example, which enforces the rules of the Olympic Games, set up the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 as an independent body charged with coordinating a consistent system for testing Olympic athletes. WADA works with international sports federations and Olympic committees and has begun conducting unannounced, out-of-competition tests on Olympic hopefuls. This practice reduces the chance that competitors will rid their systems of drugs before being tested. The list of banned substances on the Olympic Movement’s Anti-Doping Code includes stimulants, narcotics, anabolic steroids, beta blockers, diuretic... ...es Goldberg, â€Å"As the stakes became higher, so did the number of athletes who sought performance-enhancing drugs, spurred on by the lure of big contracts and lucrative endorsements.† Keeping drugs out of athletic competition has only become more difficult for sports authorities since drug testing was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1968. Changing social norms and technology, which spurred the initial drive to ban drugs in sports, may end up settling the debate. Western societies have shown increasing tolerance for using drugs to enhance performance in areas of life outside of athletics. Drugs such as Viagra, Prozac, and Ritalin are now regularly prescribed to improve sexual, social, and academic performance. It may simply be a matter of time before the â€Å"integrity† of athletics no longer appears threatened by performanceenhancing drugs, particularly if safer drugs are developed. The ethical debate over whether or not athletes should use performance-enhancing drugs is one of the issues discussed in At Issue: Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Other issues include the effectiveness of drug testing, the rise of steroid use among teenage athletes, and the dan gers of dietary supplements. performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay -- essays research papers Performance Enhancing Drugs: Introduction The Tour de France is considered the world’s most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The â€Å"doping† scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for France’s Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a wellorganized system, orchestrated by the team’s management and doctor, for supplying riders with illicit performance-enhancing drugs. The Festina team was suspended from the Tour, and further investigations by French police led to the suspension and withdrawal of several more teams. Riders went on strike to protest the investigations, and less than half of the original competitors finished the race. French authorities are not alone in punishing athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs. From the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), most high-profile sports organizations have taken substantial steps to crack down on doping. Stronger anti-doping initiatives are considered necessary to preclude scandals that damage the image of sports and to silence critics who contend that not enough is being done to rid sports of drugs. The IOC, for example, which enforces the rules of the Olympic Games, set up the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 as an independent body charged with coordinating a consistent system for testing Olympic athletes. WADA works with international sports federations and Olympic committees and has begun conducting unannounced, out-of-competition tests on Olympic hopefuls. This practice reduces the chance that competitors will rid their systems of drugs before being tested. The list of banned substances on the Olympic Movement’s Anti-Doping Code includes stimulants, narcotics, anabolic steroids, beta blockers, diuretic... ...es Goldberg, â€Å"As the stakes became higher, so did the number of athletes who sought performance-enhancing drugs, spurred on by the lure of big contracts and lucrative endorsements.† Keeping drugs out of athletic competition has only become more difficult for sports authorities since drug testing was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1968. Changing social norms and technology, which spurred the initial drive to ban drugs in sports, may end up settling the debate. Western societies have shown increasing tolerance for using drugs to enhance performance in areas of life outside of athletics. Drugs such as Viagra, Prozac, and Ritalin are now regularly prescribed to improve sexual, social, and academic performance. It may simply be a matter of time before the â€Å"integrity† of athletics no longer appears threatened by performanceenhancing drugs, particularly if safer drugs are developed. The ethical debate over whether or not athletes should use performance-enhancing drugs is one of the issues discussed in At Issue: Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Other issues include the effectiveness of drug testing, the rise of steroid use among teenage athletes, and the dan gers of dietary supplements.

A Caregiver’s Story

Sarah (Sharon Cuneta), a grade school English teacher, joins the 150,000 Pinoy OFWs working in the United Kingdom to support her husband, Teddy (John Estrada), in making a better living for their family. More than just a chronicle of the Filipino experience working as nurses and caregivers in the U. K. , this story also charts Sarah's journey to self-discovery – from a submissive wife who makes sacrifices to make way for her Teddy's aspirations to an empowered woman who finds dignity and pride in a humbling job as a caregiver in London. The story begins as Sarah says goodbye to her familiar world. After finishing an arduous course in caregiving, she bids farewell to the Grade 5 classroom where she teaches English. She buys a winter coat for her son Paulo (John Manalo) and promises he will use it once she can afford to take him to London. In typical Pinoy fashion, she shares tearful goodbyes with her whole family at the airport when she finally leaves for the United Kingdom. Sarah arrives in London. At their apartment, she and Teddy share a passionate reunion. In a honeymoon mood, he takes her to the beautiful sights around London. While window-shopping at a famous mall, Sarah meets Sean (Makisig Morales), a spunky Filipino boy, as he tries to shoplift chocolate bars. After the initial fleeting period of excitement, she experiences the hard challenges every Filipino caregiver faces every day: cold weather, dirty work and difficult patients. Meanwhile, Teddy also struggles with the daily grind in the hospital where he works. He is stressed and drinks often because he has failed the nursing test twice. Despite the difficulty of adjusting to London life, however, Sarah faithfully stands by her Teddy. She tries to make the most of the situation by doing her best at work and earns the respect of Mr. Morgan, a wealthy old man. Teddy is oblivious to her success, however, as he is absorbed in his own problems with work. Sarah finds solace in her friendship with Mr. Morgan and his son David, who seems to appreciate her more than Teddy does, and with Sean, who eases her longing for her own son. Tension rises between Sarah and Teddy as the stress of London life takes its toll on their marriage. Because of mounting conflict both at work and home, Teddy decides to give up. He tells Sarah that they are going back to the Philippines. Sarah finds it very hard to accept Teddy's decision. She knows that staying in London is the best thing for their family, because returning to the Philippines would only mean going back to the same problems they had before. Will Sarah choose to remain by Teddy's side to keep her family intact? Or will she find the strength to stay in London to continue seeking a better life for her son, even if it means losing her marriage?

Heart Failure Case Study Essay

Your client, Mr. dingy, is a 72-year-old man who called his Tele go down on Line from theme and, based on the symptoms he descri contend, was hash out to go directly to the Emergency section at his local hospital. His admitting diagnosis is irritation of tit failure (HF). His Ht is 59, Wt. 235 lbs. He states that his usual cargo is closely 220. Upon admission, his symptoms be extreme shortness of steer unable to tolerate lying even heavy, aching feeling in his titty respirations labored 32/min. radial trice 108 and regular BP 150/78 mask dusky and O2 sit down is 82% on room air slight perspiration peripheral dropsy is 3+ pitting, mortise-and-tenon joint to knee bilaterally and sacral edema is excessively break. Bilateral BS beat with coarse crackles in both debase lobes. He appears f skilfulened and anxious he states, This is the worst it has ever been please tire outt leave me alone.Past health check/Social History Coronary arteria Disease (CAD), hypertens ion, cor pulmonale, emphysema-moderate stage. He smoked 2 packs per day for 35 years, and quit 5 years ago. Hospitalized 3 times antecedently for HF the most recent hospital care was 6 months ago. He is a retired indemnification salesperson married and lives with his wife in a condominium. Sedentary life-style plays golf occasionally. He skipped his diuretics over the weekend because he was golfing.1. Which stage of the NYHA classification system and the ACC/AHA represent system would Mr. Bs symptoms surpass fit within? Why?I think his NYHA classification would be clear II. He has Coronary Artery ailment and ordinary use causes fatigue for him Mr. Bs ACC/AHA stage is dress D. He has been hospitalized 3 times previously for HF.2.Discuss the differences surrounded by right and left spunk failure, pick up the pathophysiology, physiological progression, and signs and symptoms.Left Sided-The most coarse-Results from left ventricular dysfunction. This prevents normal antece dent livestock flow causing blood to back up into the left atrium and pulmonic veins. Increased pneumonic pressure causes facile leakage from pulmonary capillary bed into the interstitial and then the alveoli -Manifests as pulmonary over-crowding and edemaRight Sided-occurs when right ventricle fails to contract effectively. -Causes a replacement of blood into the right atrium and venous circulation. -Venous congestion in the systemic circulation outcomes in vena jugularis venous distention, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, vascular congestion of the GI tract, and peripheral edema-May also result from an acuate condition such as right ventricular infarction or pulmonary embolism -Core Pulmonale can also cause right sided HF-Its patriarchal cause is Left sided HF. Left sided HF results in pulmonary congestion and increase pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs. eventually chronic pulmonary hypertension results in right sided hypertrophy and HF3. Mr. denses orders include a b edside chest x-ray, cardiogram, echocardiogram, and the following labs Troponin I, CK-MB, complete blood count with differential, BNP, digoxin level, Electrolytes, Mg++, ABGs, BUN and creatinine. What is the rationale for performing to from each one one of these diagnostics tests? How will the findings/information obtained from the tests be useful in managing Mr. Blacks care?Bedside chest x-rayECGTroponin I present in MIsCK-MBCBCBNP High in patients with HFDigoxinElectrolytesMgABGBUNCreatinineMr. Black is stabilize and transferred to the Cardiac Telemetry unit with the following orderstype O at 2-4 liters per nasal cannula to keep O2 Sat 90%Complete bed residue with HOB elevated 60-90 degrees, legs dependent saline Lock IVFurosemide (Lasix) 80 mg I.V. touch on StatI&OFurosemide (Lasix) 80 mg I.V. pressure all 8 hr.Daily weight Albuterol Inhaler 2 puffs doubly per day shudder oximetry continuousK-Dur 10 mg. p.o. free-and-easyFoley catheterASA 81 mg p.o. dailyTelemetrymeto prolol degree Celsius mg p.o. twice daily nourishment 2 Gm Na lisinopril 10 mg p.o. daily precarious busy a breatherriction of 1000 mL/dayHCTZ 50 mg p.o. dailyCode posture Full codeDigoxin 0.25 mg p.o. daily grip for HR 60 bpmLovenox 60mg SQ every 12 hrsDucosate sodium 100 mg p.o. daily4. Discuss the rationale for each of the orders abovePatients with HF typically suffer oxygenation problemsFurosemide is a loop diureticDaily Weight- water retentionPulse ox- monitor O2Foley Catheter monitor payoff and on bed restK DurASAMetoprolol beta blocker that treats high BPlisinopril ACE inhibitor for HTNLovenox Prevents and treats clotsFluid Restriction superabundance melted strains the feelDigoxin Treats chantlike problemsDucosate Stool Softener5. Identify 3 antecedence nurse diagnoses to include in the nursing care formulate for Mr. Black.Excess fluid volumeDecreased cardiac outputImpaired gas exchange6. What changes/ judicial decision findings would alert the nurse that Mr. B lacks condition is worsening?Fatigue and dyspnea continue to worsen, weight continues to increase, edema and chest pain worsens, pleural effusion and dysrhythmias fix to develop, hepatomegaly, and renal failure begins to occurMr. Black responds well to the treatment plan and his acute symptoms resolve within 3 days. His weight returns to 220 lbs. and he is able to perform his ADLs with minimal SOB and able to slumber comfortably with 2 pillows. Discharge plans are finalized.7. Which state of the NYHA categorisation system and the ACC/AHA staging systemWould Mr. Blacks symptoms instanter fit?NYHA- category IIACCF/AHA- act C8. Select 2 dismission topics (your choice) to focus on. Discuss what should be include in the discharge teaching plan for Mr. B. (and his wife) for each topic.Activity and rest elaborate training can improve symptoms of HF, that Mr. B needs to understand that he will need lots of rest during and after lick and that he shouldnt overexert himself. inform Mr. Bs wife to monitor his exercise and gain him to take breaks when neededDrug therapy check Mr. B and his wife the expected work on of all his medication and how to recognize dose toxicity. Also teach him and his wife how to take a pulse rate and what race the pulse rate should be in. Teach them the symptoms of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia if diuretics are order. Self BP monitoring may also be appropriate in Mr. Bs situation.Heart troubleNew York Heart association frameificationAmerican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Treatment RecommendationsStage A. tribe at high risk of developing tone failure (HF) but without structural heart affection or symptoms of HF-Treat hypertension, lipid disorders, diabetes.-Encourage patient to stop smoking and to exercise regularly.-Discourage use of alcohol, illicit drugs.-ACE inhibitor if indicatedClass I. Patients with cardiac disease without limitations of somatogenetic activity. Ordinary physiologic act ivity doesnt cause excessive fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain. Stage B. People who tolerate structural heart disease but no symptoms of HF.-All stage A therapies-ACE inhibitor unless contraindicated-Beta-blocker unless contraindicatedClass II. Patients with cardiac disease who have slight limitations of fleshly activity. Theyre soothing at rest. Ordinary fleshly activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.Class III. Patients with cardiac disease who have mark limitation of physical activity. Theyre at ease at rest. Less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.Stage C. People who have structural heart disease with current or precedentsymptoms of heart failure. -All stage A & B therapies-Sodium-restricted diet-Diuretics-Digoxin-Avoid or withdraw antiarrhythmic drug agents, most calcium channel blockers, and nonsteroid anti- inflammatory drugs.-Consider aldosterone antagonists, angiotensin re ceptor blockers, hydralazine, and nitrates. Class IV. Patients with cardiac disease who cant carry out any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or of the anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. Any physical activity increases discomfort. Stage D. People with obdurate heart failure that requires specialized interventions.-All therapies for A, B, and C-Mechanical advocate device, such as biventricular artificial pacemaker or left ventricular assist device-Continuous inotropic therapy-Hospice careCaboral, M. & Mitchell J. (2003). New guidelines for heart failure focus on prevention. The Nurse Practitioner, 28, 22.Evaluation of EdemaFour-point scale 1+ to 4+1+ pitting further detectable4+ pitting grim and deep (1 or 2.54 cm.)