The History of Advertising :: Advertisements Media Advertising Essays

The History of AdvertisingAdvertising is dated back to the Christian Era. One of the first cognise methodsof advertising was outdoor signs, they would be painted on the wall of abuilding and were usually very eye catching. Archaeologists have found signs inthe ruins of superannuated Rome and Pompeii which advertised travelers to go to atavern situated in another town. In about the 1440s there was an invention of amovable-type of advertising which was a printing press. In the 16th century somecompanies had a trade mark which was a two or three dimensional picture or sign.In both volume and technique, advertising has made its greatest advances in theU.S. In the early stages of U.S. advertising it was hard and expensive toadvertise nationally because the U.S. was dumb undeveloped and there was littleof no means of transport, distribution or communication. Eventually certain typeof manufactures thought of the idea of bypassing wholesalers, retailers andusing catalogs. Mail orders and pamphlets appeared more or less the 1870s. Late inthe 19th century many American firms began to market packaged goods under bulls eyenames. Previously consumers had not been a ware of or influenced by brand names.The first product that had brand names were soap products. In the 1880s a fewbrands came out and they were Ivory, Pears, Sapolio, Colgate, Kirks AmericanFamily and Packers. Not long after brands such as Royal baking powder, Quakeroats, Bakers chocolate, Hires root beer, Regal shoes and Watermans pens werenationally advertised. In the early 1900s America began to become aware of suchbrand names like Bon Ami, Wrigley and Coca-Cola. After World War 1 advertisingdeveloped into a business so big that it was almost a post of Americaitself through the eyes of the rest of the world. This was expanded by technicalimprovements which made transportation, communication and graphics work easier,cheaper and better.The invention of electricity led to the illume outdoor poster,photoe ngraving and other modern printing inventions helped both editorial andadvertising departments of printed journals. In the 1920s the radio wasinvented and this developed a whole new technique of selling, by voice. DuringWorld War 2 the American advertising industry founded the war advertisingcouncil this used modern advertising to strengthen the American war effort. Theorganization still continued after the war was over as The Advertising Councilthis was used to function for the publics interest. Printed and broadcasted

Reading :: essays research papers

For as long as I can remember, Ive loved to enjoin short stories, fiction, nonfiction sometimes, even doctrine if nothing else were available. This term Ive been given more reading assignments than I can ever remember having to deal with. This term has been extra special because we studied no less than third types of literature short stories, poetry, and drama. While I was in high school, a short story was a book with less than three hundred pages. This term I learned that even though a short story may be only a few pages long, in that location are chapters of interpretation, ambiguity, and symbolism to understand. In The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, I found a story teeming with so much symbolism that I had to read the story twice before I understood half of it. In Araby by James Joyce, I learned to look deeper than just the surface of the schoolmaster wording to find new meanings to the story. Poetry, on the other hand, has been like a curse to me. I felt as if I were out of my d epth when forced to read it. I could read the words, but comprehension was beyond me. Then, just last week I discovered poetry is indeed a hostile language. Ive always picked up languages easily, I thought. I then knew that all I had to do was translate the dead language of poetry into terms I could understand, then, with a blinding flash, comprehension dawned. E.E. Cummings is really just a dirty old man. Carlos Williams is a political activist, and Dylan Thomas is incredibly grief stricken near the loss of some loved one. The emotions of the poems were almost too overwhelming to deal with. Once I was told that as we evolve, so to does our language. I thought my teacher had been in the sun too long when she told me that. But when I started reading works by William Shakespear, I found just how right she was. The writings of Shakespear also form the added benefit of being like poetry. For me drama is tedious, boring, and too hard to keep track of.

Erythroxylum: The Coca Plant :: Botany

Erythroxylum The Coca PlantThe coca plant plant is a member of the order Geraniales and the family Erythroxylaceae. There are four genera with an estimated 200 species in Erythroxylaceae (De Witt, 1967). Coca was first described as Erythroxylum by A.L. Jussieu in 1783. It was given the binomial Erythroxylum coca by Lamarck in 1786. Early botanists believed that all coca plants were of the same species. Later researchers instal that two species of domestic coca existed. These are Erythroxylum coca Lam. and Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (Rury and Plowman, 1983). The two species have two varieties, Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. coca, E. coca var. Ipuda Plowman, E. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron var. novogranatense, and E. novogranatense var. truxillense (Rusby) Plowman (Plowman, 1983). Distribution Coca is braggart(a) in South America, Africa, Ceylon, Taiwan, Indonesia and Formosa (De Witt, 1967). Coca is most commonly associated with its center of origin, the South Ameri can Montana zone of the eastern Andes below 2000m (Bray & Dollery, 1983). According to Rury and Plowman (1983) E. coca var. Coca, Huanuco or Bolivian coca is the ancestral variety. Bolivian coca grows in the moist tropical forests of the eastern Andes of Peru and Bolivia. This variety is the only one of the four launch growing wild. Bolivian coca is the major source of commercially produced coca leaves and cocaine. Amazon coca, E. coca var. ipuda is cultivated in the sea-level Amazon. It has been suggested that this variety is a lowland cultigen of Bolivian coca. In contrast to Bolivian coca it is not found growing wild (Rury and Plowman, 1993). E. novogranatense var. truxillense or Trujillo coca is a hardy, drought resistant variety. It is found growing in river valleys of coastal Peru and other arid areas of this region. Bohm, Ganders & Plowman (1982) state that this variety displays many characteristics that are intermediate between E. coca var. coca and E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, and may represent an evolutionary stage between these species. E. novogranatense var. novogranatense or Colombian coca is cultivated in both moist and dry areas in the Colombian mountains. It is similarly drought tolerant and is not found growing outside Cultivation. Evidence shows that this variety maybe the most evolved species (Rury & Plowman, 1983). Cultivation Coca plants are small coniferous shrubs with reddish brown bark. They have many small branchlets with elliptical-obovate opposite leaves measuring 4-7 cm. in length and 3-4 cm.

Women Overcoming Domestic Violence in Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat Essay

Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat is a short story about the struggles and hardships in the life of an African American woman living in the south. The short story talked about the treatment of women in these times. Many women of present times can identify with the hardships that Delia encountered in her marriage. The story also deals with adultery in relationships and the dishonesty and heartache it brings to a relationship. The story gives many women of domestic violence the strength and the courage to stand up for themselves and against their husbands.In these times it was hard for African American women to stand up to their abusive husbands. Getting a divorce was not a very common thing to do. Most women endured the pain and troubles of being physically and mentally step everyday. A number of women were too poor to piddle a divorce or even runaway from their husbands. Husbands of these times support the family and were the only ones who had a gambol in the family. In Sweat Delia was t he supporter of the family she worked every day supporting herself and Sykes. This was not very common in these times. Most women stayed home and watched the children while the men supported the family. With women not working this made it hard for them to get enough money to leave their husbands and support themselves and their children without their husbands.The story gives women of domestic violence courage and strength to get out of an abusive relationship. In one part of the story Delia...

Iago as a Satan Figure in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essay

Iago as a Satan Figure in Othello The play Othello by William Shakespeare is based on an Italian story in Giraldi Cinthios Hecatommithi (Groliers). In Othello we encounter Iago, one of Shakespeares most evil characters. Iago is an ensign in Othellos army and is jealous of Cassios promotion to Lieutenant. Through deception and appearance, we see unfolded a plethora of lies and foxy schemes. The astonishing thing about Iago is that he seems to make up his malicious schemes as he goes along without any forethought. Noted writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge describes Iagos plan as designer-hunting of a motiveless malignity (Scott 413). Iago seizes every opportunity to further advance his plan to his advantage. Greed plays a major role as a motive for his various schemes. Throughout the story, Iago portrays himself as a Satan figure. In many ways, Iago can compare with Satan. Iago, like Satan, has proved himself to be a master at deception. He lies to everyone taking great care to disgui se his own thoughts. For example, in Act 1, scene 2, when he is speaking to Othello about his feelings toward Cassio, he uses very strong language of a manly soldier, while at the same time, he lies throughout the whole speech faking loyalty to a fellow soldier and on the whole the while implying that he is reluctantly holding back the full truth I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth/ Than it should do shame to Michael Cassio (I.ii.21-22). This deception impresses and convinces Othello that his ensign is a good and loyal soldier. Iago also succeeds in deceiving Cassio. After Cassios drunken fight, Iago counsels him to speak to Desdimona about trying to convince Othello to reinstate him as lieutenant, all th... ... to refer to him as, He says I am the I AM. . . (Ex. 314). Iago says that he is the I am not. He is, in essence, the exact reverse of God. As we have seen, metaphorically and by example, Iago has proven to be the epitome of evil in that he uses the same tactic s that Satan does to get what he wants. kit and caboodle Cited Carey, Gary M.A. Cliffs Notes. Cliffs Notes Incorperated. Lincoln Nebraska,1980. Holy Bible. bare-assed American Standard Version. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopidia. Rel. 6. CD-ROM. Online Computer Systems Incorperated. 1993. Scott, Mark. Critical Interperatation of Othello. from Shakespeare for Students. Detroit, Michigan Gale Research Incorperated, 1992. 411-457. Shakespeare, William. Othello, The Moor of Venice. from Literature and the Writing Process. McMahon, Day, Funk. Prentice-Hall Publishers New Jersey, 1996. 864-947.

Iago as a Satan Figure in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essay

Iago as a Satan Figure in Othello The knead Othello by William Shakespeare is based on an Italian story in Giraldi Cinthios Hecatommithi (Groliers). In Othello we encounter Iago, one of Shakespeares most evil characters. Iago is an ensign in Othellos army and is covetous of Cassios promotion to Lieutenant. Through deception and appearance, we see unfolded a plethora of lies and clever schemes. The astonishing thing about Iago is that he seems to make up his malicious schemes as he goes along without any forethought. Noted writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge describes Iagos conception as motive-hunting of a motiveless malignity (Scott 413). Iago seizes every opportunity to further advance his plan to his advantage. Greed plays a major role as a motive for his various schemes. Throughout the story, Iago portrays himself as a Satan figure. In many ways, Iago croup compare with Satan. Iago, like Satan, has proved himself to be a master at deception. He lies to everyone taking great ca re to disguise his own thoughts. For example, in mask 1, scene 2, when he is speaking to Othello about his feelings toward Cassio, he uses very strong language of a manly soldier, while at the same time, he lies throughout the whole speech faking loyalty to a fellow soldier and all the while implying that he is reluctantly holding back the full truth I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth/ Than it should do offense to Michael Cassio (I.ii.21-22). This deception impresses and convinces Othello that his ensign is a good and loyal soldier. Iago also succeeds in deceiving Cassio. later Cassios drunken fight, Iago counsels him to speak to Desdimona about trying to convince Othello to reinstate him as lieutenant, all th... ... to refer to him as, He says I am the I AM. . . (Ex. 314). Iago says that he is the I am not. He is, in essence, the exact reverse of God. As we have seen, metaphorically and by example, Iago has proven to be the epitome of evil in that he uses the same t actics that Satan does to get what he wants. Works Cited Carey, Gary M.A. Cliffs Notes. Cliffs Notes Incorperated. Lincoln Nebraska,1980. Holy Bible. New American Standard Version. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopidia. Rel. 6. CD-ROM. Online figurer Systems Incorperated. 1993. Scott, Mark. Critical Interperatation of Othello. from Shakespeare for Students. Detroit, Michigan Gale Research Incorperated, 1992. 411-457. Shakespeare, William. Othello, The Moor of Venice. from Literature and the Writing Process. McMahon, Day, Funk. Prentice-Hall Publishers New Jersey, 1996. 864-947.